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And with that, I will now turn the call over to Ryan.

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Thanks, Paul. Good afternoon, everyone, and thank you for taking the time to join us to review our second-quarter 2024 results. We've achieved another record quarter for HEPLISAV-B net product sales as we strengthen our leadership position in the U.S. adult Hepatitis B vaccine market, notching continued year-over-year market share gains for the total market and in key market segments.

Based on our strong results in Q2 and the continued strengthening of the hepatitis B vaccine market across Q2 and into early Q3, we are reaffirming our HEPLISAV-B product revenue guidance for the full-year 2024. Longer term, we are highly optimistic about the adult hepatitis B vaccine market of over 130 million eligible patients, which is one of the largest addressable patient populations for vaccines in the U.S. We expect the market opportunity for HEPLISAV-B to grow to over $800 million by 2027, with continued growth in both market share and market size through the end of the decade. We also anticipate long-term demand for HEPLISAV-B beyond 2030 as a result of the continued penetration of the unvaccinated adult cohort, as well as expanding market share, providing a substantial long-term revenue opportunity for HEPLISAV-B.

For our pipeline development, we are pleased to have recently initiated our Phase 1/2 trial for our novel shingles vaccine program and remain excited for several upcoming milestones, including readouts from the shingles study as well as our Tdap and plague vaccine programs expected across 2024 and 2025. In addition to this progress and bolstered by our strong financial position, we continue to evaluate strategic opportunities to grow beyond our internal organic pipeline within the infectious disease space, which we believe would enable us to further diversify our product portfolio and create future commercial opportunities. We look forward to providing updates on these efforts in the future. I'll now turn the call over to Donn and Rob, who will provide more details on the HEPLISAV-B results and our pipeline progress respectively, before Kelly reviews our financial results for the second quarter.

Donn?

Donn Casale -- Chief Commercial Officer

Thank you, Ryan. We are thrilled with the performance and record-breaking sales for HEPLISAV-B in the second quarter. HEPLISAV-B achieved over $70 million in net product revenue in the quarter supported by hepatitis B vaccine market growth and increases in HEPLISAV-B market share. During our last earnings call, we said that the hepatitis B vaccine market began to strengthen in early Q2 as the focus of healthcare providers and retail pharmacies shifted back to prioritizing non-respiratory vaccines.

That dynamic continued to play out throughout the quarter as customers reprioritized adoption of the ACIP Universal Recommendation to help protect their patients from hepatitis B. HEPLISAV-B continued to increase its total U.S. market share year over year, achieving an estimated 42% market share in the second quarter compared to 39% during the same period last year. HEPLISAV-B's strong performance continues to be driven by two critical segments, retail pharmacy and integrated delivery networks or IDN.

In retail, HEPLISAV-B's second quarter estimated market share increased to approximately 59% compared to approximately 45% during the same period last year. For IDN, HEPLISAV-B's estimated market share increased to approximately 56% compared to approximately 53% for Q2 last year. During the quarter, several top national retail chains and many large IDN systems established hepatitis B-focused initiatives and campaigns to increase hepatitis B vaccination. We are encouraged by the focus and commitment of these customers and expect this momentum to continue into Q3 as healthcare providers continue to mobilize around the opportunity of hepatitis B vaccination.

We remain confident in the long-term expansion of the U.S. hepatitis B vaccine market. In early 2022, when the ACIP Universal Recommendation went into effect, we provided 5-year guidance. Now we expect the HEPLISAV-B market opportunity to be over $800 million by 2027, with HEPLISAV-B positioned to achieve a majority market share.

We remain confident in that 5-year guidance and expect continued hepatitis B market expansion and HEPLISAV-B market share gains through the end of the decade. Beyond 2030, we expect the market to be substantial due to the continued penetration of the remaining large unvaccinated adult cohort. We look forward to providing more specific longer-term guidance by the end of this year. In summary, we are reaffirming our confidence in the outlook for HEPLISAV-B both for 2024 and long-term.

We expect HEPLISAV-B to strengthen its position as a clear market share leader in the expanding hepatitis B vaccine market. We are very proud of our commercial team's success and are excited to help build on the momentum seen in Q2 for the remainder of 2024. I will now turn the call over to Rob to take you through our clinical pipeline.

Robert Janssen -- Senior Vice President, Clinical Development and Chief Medical Officer

Thank you, Donn. I'm excited by the progress we're making with our innovative vaccine pipeline, starting with our shingles vaccine program, Z-1018. As a reminder, we believe there is an opportunity to develop an improved shingles vaccine, given the challenging tolerability profile of the current market-leading product. In the second quarter, we initiated a randomized active-controlled dose escalation multicenter Phase 1/2 trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of Z-1018 compared to an active control in approximately 440 healthy adults aged 50 to 69 years.

Key objectives of the trial include selecting the optimal glycoprotein E dose level and dosing schedule as well as adjuvant formulation for further clinical development. The Phase 1/2 trial will be used to support validation of a patient-reported outcome measurement tool to differentiate Z-1018 on tolerability and to support potential label claims. We anticipate reporting top-line immunogenicity and safety data in the second half of 2025, including a comparison of CD4+ T-cells 1 month after the second of two vaccine doses. Turning next to Tdap 1018 program.

This is an investigational vaccine candidate intended for active booster immunization against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis or Tdap. Current Tdap vaccines have limitations, including waning effectiveness, and we believe there's an opportunity to improve the duration of protection using our CpG 1018 adjuvant to generate a Th1-biased immune response. We're evaluating the persistence of Tdap 1018-induced pertussis immunogenicity through a long-term follow-up study of participants who completed a Phase 1 trial of a booster dose of Tdap 1018 compared to an active control. The extension study will capture data for participants up to 3 years following initial vaccination.

Results from the Phase 1 extension study are expected in the fourth quarter of 2024. These data will provide us with a view of how the Tdap 1018 immune response over time compares to the active control and will help establish our views on the potential benefits that can be achieved with this vaccine candidate. For our plague vaccine program, which is in collaboration with and funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, we anticipate providing a program update based on results from both our Phase 2 clinical trial and a nonhuman primate challenge study in the fourth quarter of 2024.

We're also focused on addressing FDA comments regarding our sBLA for a HEPLISAV-B hemodialysis dosing regimen. We intend to meet with the FDA in the second half of 2024 as part of the standard regulatory process to discuss pathways to amend our sBLA, with additional data to support potential approval of the four-dose regimen. We're pleased with this progress across our pipeline, and we look forward to executing on these upcoming milestones in the coming months. I'll now turn the call over to Kelly to review our financial results.

Kelly MacDonald -- Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Rob. Before I get started, a reminder to please refer to our press release and Form 10-Q filed earlier today for more detailed financial information. I'll walk through the financial highlights for another strong quarter underscored by record HEPLISAV-B net sales of $70 million, a 24% year-over-year increase and a 47% sequential increase compared to last quarter, putting us on track to achieve our guidance for the full-year 2024. We believe this progress is a testament to the effectiveness of our overall brand plan and highlights the strength of our sales team, combined with successful marketing campaigns across multiple channels, including retail.

HEPLISAV-B gross margin improved to 83% in Q2 2024 from 76% in the prior year quarter. This margin expansion is consistent with our guidance of approximately 80% for the full-year 2024 and the result of highly efficacious capital investments in our manufacturing process, combined with improved scale over time. Other revenue was about $4 million for the second quarter, representing revenue related to the plague vaccine program in collaboration with and funded by the U.S. Department of Defense.

Turning to our expenses. Research and development expenses were $15 million for Q2 2024 compared to $13 million for the prior year period, with the increase reflecting important progress throughout our discovery, preclinical, and clinical pipeline. Selling, general, and administrative expenses for the second quarter of 2024 were $42 million compared to approximately $37 million for the prior year period. The increase was primarily driven by our sales force expansion in the second half of 2023, and other high ROI investments driving the growth of our HEPLISAV-B franchise.

Sublease income was $2 million in the second quarter of 2024. And as a reminder from last quarter's call, we expect to record approximately $5 million of net subleased income for the full year of 2024. These results generated net income of $11 million in the second quarter of 2024 compared to $3 million during the prior year period. Moving to the balance sheet.

We exited the second quarter of 2024 with cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of approximately $736 million, which was a $12 million increase during Q2. We remain on track to achieve our cash guidance for the year and continue to believe that we have sufficient capital to prosecute our organic pipeline without the need to access the capital markets. Based on our strong execution year-to-date, we are also reiterating all of our full-year 2024 financial guidance. For our full-guidance framework, please consult our press release from earlier today.

In closing, we are excited to report another strong quarter consisting of record quarterly revenue for HEPLISAV-B, improved product gross margins, and advancing pipeline, and a very robust balance sheet. I'd now like to turn the call back over to Ryan for closing comments.

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Thanks, Kelly. I want to take a few moments to provide additional context and reflect on the progress we are making beyond the results from this quarter. I'm personally very proud of what this company has accomplished over the last few years and how that set us up to drive the next leg of growth. We've demonstrated exceptional execution commercializing HEPLISAV-B and delivered a profitable brand with a long-term growth profile, which provides a strong foundation for us to continue to build on.

I'm proud of our team's success in a market that has long been dominated by big pharma. Beyond HEPLISAV-B, we have managed to stay both disciplined and agile, allowing us to respond to opportunities and manage our risk, while advancing new products into the clinic. We've been actively evaluating strategic opportunities for growth but remain committed to applying disciplined business judgment, avoiding any temptation to take action for the sake of the perception of progress. Beyond our financial position, we have built a high-performing team focused on strategic leadership and professionalism.

We believe this provides us the tools we need to grow our business and maximize our impact to benefit all of our stakeholders, including patients, investors, and employees as we aim to position Dynavax as a leading infectious disease company. Thank you, everyone. Operator, we would now like to open the Q&A portion of today's call.

Questions & Answers:

Operator

Thank you. [Operator instructions] Our first question comes from the line of Matthew Phipps at William Blair. Matthew, please go ahead. Your line is now open.

Matt Phipps -- Analyst

Hi. Thanks for taking my questions and giving us the update here across the HEPLISAV programs. I was wondering maybe if you could give us a little bit of your expectations around market share, maybe by the end of this year or when you think you will break that kind of 50% mark in market share. And then as we think about some of the seasonality throughout the rest of the year, Kelly, maybe you can help us on should we assume a similar percentage of total year sales in Q3 and Q3 this year as we saw last year? And Kelly, welcome back.

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Thanks, Matt. I'll take the first one on market share. Obviously, we don't provide guidance at that level of detail, so I'll just have to refer back to some of our general comments related to 2027 on the long-term guide that we expect to have a majority share at that period in time, but we haven't provided any guidance on market share that's more refined than that. And as it relates to seasonality, Kelly, do you want to take that one?

Kelly MacDonald -- Chief Financial Officer

Sure. Thanks for the warm welcome, Matt. So, as a reminder, we did reiterate our guidance, our net sales guidance for the year between $265 million to $280 million. With respect to the seasonality that we previously guided to and have sort of started to see throughout this year, we are still anticipating that Q4 contraction at the higher end of historical ranges, so in that 15%.

And last year, we might have seen 15% to 20%. We are expecting that to come into the about 15% range this year. Again, that's sort of how we expect Q4 relative to Q3. So hopefully, that's helpful.

We do still, of course, expect Q3 to be a very strong quarter as well.

Matt Phipps -- Analyst

OK. Great. Thanks for taking the questions.

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Thank you.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Phil Nadeau from TD Cowen. Phil, your line is now open.

Phil Nadeau -- Analyst

Thanks for taking our questions. One commercial, one pipeline. On commercial, you reiterated your guidance for $800 million market in a few years. Can you talk about the data points that are accumulating that continue to give you confidence in that market growth? I think for most of us, it's a little hard given the noise around contraction in the market, some quarters and growth in others.

So what gives you confidence that all is on track to hit that ultimate market size?

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Yes. I'll make a couple high-level points. And, Donn, if you have any other details to add, please do. Donn may have reminded us that back in '22, we projected out the market to be $800 million by 2027 based on our modeling of increasing coverage rates as a result of the ACIP Universal Recommendation, and we continue to reiterate that because we're tracking toward those projections as we've progressed over the last few years.

Donn, I don't know if you want to elaborate all on.

Donn Casale -- Chief Commercial Officer

I mean the only additional color would be those rates that we kind of put into our forecast are kind of in line with other vaccines and so other vaccine analogs. So as Ryan mentioned, we see that occurring, and that gives us the confidence to kind of reiterate that guidance long-term. But again, just looking at the market, looking at what happens with other vaccines, and we believe hepatitis B vaccination will follow that similar path.

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

So, Phil, I think the data points you can look at are, one, the historical size of the hep B market and how it's grown since 2022 recommendation, along with analog vaccine products that have recommendation changes. And you'll see in those products, like Tdap, for example, or flu, that you will have multiple years of progress made toward increasing vaccination coverage rates.

Phil Nadeau -- Analyst

Got it. OK. Maybe actually one follow-up on commercial. There's a lot of controversy in the COVID vaccine and RSV vaccine space because of recent trends there.

COVID has been a little disappointing. RSV obviously had the recent recommendation or not recommendation for annual vaccination. So it seems to be some concern that those vaccines won't be as heavily utilized next season as they had in this past. How does that figure into your expectations for seasonality for HEPLISAV? Is it too early to tell? Or is there some reason to think maybe '24 to '25 that respiratory virus season won't be as impacted on the HPV vaccines as the past?

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Yes. So a couple of comments on the landscape. One, COVID remains still a very large product. So you're right.

I think it could have some -- there's a comparison of expectation versus utilization, but it's still relatively highly utilized annually, and RSV is going to be lower given the lack of recommendation for annual boost. I think those are both tailwinds for HEPLISAV. Donn, do you want to maybe just provide a little bit of color on, in particular, the retail pharmacy trends that we have seen or could see as we progress as it relates to plus one options?

Donn Casale -- Chief Commercial Officer

I think it boils down to that, Phil, and the fact that it provides more vaccination opportunity, quite frankly, for patients as they originate in the pharmacy this fall season into winter season. So, again, to Ryan's point, it's a tailwind, it's an opportunity. Our retail partners see it as such. And so for hep B, it is an opportunity because, again, it provides additional origination vaccination opportunities this season, and we factored that in as we think about this year and beyond.

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

To be clear, although RSV will be utilized less, that took an arm -- when someone originated for flu or COVID, now there's an opportunity to be a different vaccine to be administered.

Phil Nadeau -- Analyst

Got it. OK. Last question on the pipeline. You mentioned C4 levels are going to be assessed in the Z-1018 trial.

Can you give us some sense of what you hope to see? What would you consider encouraging that will prompt further investment versus what would be discouraging in Dynavax's eyes?

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Sure. Rob, why don't you take that?

Robert Janssen -- Senior Vice President, Clinical Development and Chief Medical Officer

Yeah. What we're looking at a number of different antigen levels in different combinations with adjuvants as well as different dosing regimens. And what we anticipate is identifying the best to move forward, which would be one that provides similar levels of CD4 accounts that we see with Shingrix.

Phil Nadeau -- Analyst

Got it. Thanks for taking my questions.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Jon Miller at Evercore. John, your line is now open.

Jon Miller -- Analyst

Yeah. Thanks for taking my question. Yes. I guess one on market share here, and I know you sort of talked about this a little bit, but what drives the next leg of market share here? Obviously, you've had good year-on-year growth for the past handful of quarters, but does feel like it's stable plus or minus a couple of percent.

And the comps well end year comps get tougher going into second half year. So what drives the next level of HEPLISAV growth from here?

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Yeah. So, a couple of things I'll hit at the high level. Again, Donn, do you want to add to it, please do. But we continue to have customers where we can expand utilization.

So, customers don't move as a block necessarily in the IDN space. So you'll get the largest clinics and you can continue to expand there. I think the other element of this is a disproportionate share of growth. So we do believe the HEPLISAV will continue to capture disproportionate share of the market expansion, which will also help overall market share.

Jon Miller -- Analyst

OK. Sure. Then the other question, I guess it looks like from a gross margin perspective, you're more or less hitting your guidance this quarter. As I think quarter to quarter, how much noise is there in gross margin now that the big efforts to improve that over time are onboard and you're reaching the realm you are hoping to get to?

Kelly MacDonald -- Chief Financial Officer

So we'll continue to see some minor fluctuations quarter to quarter and some variability quarter to quarter just because of timing of just manufacturing processes. I think in terms of order of magnitude, what we've seen these last couple of quarters is probably what we can expect to see going forward, which is why we provided the sort of 80% estimated gross margin for the year as our guidance.

Jon Miller -- Analyst

Great. And then, maybe last one for me, just more about the phrasing of how some of your guidance reads. You're guiding for cash and equivalents at year end to be greater than it was at year end '23. And I noticed you're not talking about cash flow, you're not talking about particular profitability numbers.

It's specifically cash plus equivalence guidance. Does that imply that BD is less likely before the end of the calendar year?

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

That guidance, Jon, just to be very clear, is on our current existing business. Obviously, to the extent that we had a significant deployment of capital for a BD opportunity, that would impact that guidance.

Jon Miller -- Analyst

That makes sense. Thanks so much.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Paul Choi from Goldman Sachs. Paul, your line is now open.

Paul Choi -- Analyst

Hi. Good afternoon, and thanks for taking our questions. My first question is also on the guidance, and may be directed to Kelly and Donn. As you think about the guidance for the back half of the year, obviously you've historically been weighted to 3Q versus 4Q.

But I guess, it seems like as we look at recent prescription trends through July, while up versus the tail end of 2Q, it seems like there's going to be a bit of a heavy lift to make the midpoint or upper end of your guidance. So, I guess the question is, based on what you're seeing in the marketplace right now, are you more comfortable with the lower end of the guidance you provided versus the midpoint? That's my first question. And then second, with regard to the plague program, obviously you guys did mention that you'll provide an update in 4Q. But assuming the data is positive there, can you maybe just remind us if that triggers any milestone with regard to that program? And welcome back, Kelly, as well.

Kelly MacDonald -- Chief Financial Officer

Thank you. I'll take the first one, and then Donn will definitely layer in some details, which is, as we think about guidance, I think we certainly believe that we have plenty of scenarios that will support the upper end of the range. So we keep the guidance in terms of a range because there are uncertainties. So I think a couple of things that we're really excited about headed into Q3 and Q4 have already been highlighted on this call.

So for example, some of the retail pull-through that we've seen, we continue to see that. We also have really strong response to our personal promotion and then also, of course, some of the opportunities that was highlighted around the recent RSV recommendations. Certainly, that opens up an opportunity for us. Maybe I'll hand it over to Donn to add any other color.

Donn Casale -- Chief Commercial Officer

Yes. Paul, just regarding looking into Q3, I mean to Kelly's point, we've said this already. We're excited with what we see, especially within the retail pharmacy segment, actions and behaviors that are happening and occurring by our partners, really save themselves up for a fairly robust back half of the year, taking advantage of opportunities and patient origination, as I mentioned before, with the RSV example. Infrastructure is in place, communication is in place, and so that's why we feel very good about where we're going to reaffirm our guidance for 2024.

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

And then, Paul, on the plague program, there's no defined milestone structure as it relates to that program. That is a -- it's a DoD-funded program that would -- the upside down there would be in future product sales of either 1018 or if we ended up being responsible for the whole product. So we'll provide an update on the program in Q4, which would include any future expectations around advancement and funding.

Paul Choi -- Analyst

Got it. OK. Thanks for the clarity. Thank you very much.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Roy Buchanan from JMP Securities. Roy, your line is now open.

Roy Buchanan -- Analyst

Follow up on a lot of the guidance questions. This is the longer-term guidance that you mentioned providing later this year. Can you maybe talk a little -- give us a preview maybe of what that's going to look like? Is that 2030, 2035, 2040? Any granularity and when you might give us that guidance? Yeah. Thanks.

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Yeah As you heard in some of the qualitative statements we made today around a little bit of an indication of what we expect beyond 2027 with continued market growth and to continue market share, we are looking to be able to update longer-term guidance to focus on providing color as to where we see the peak opportunity and then some context for the shape of the curve post-peak. So we're refining that work right now, which is where we feel confident in continued growth beyond '27, and we'll refine that a little bit more and provide a bit more quantitative update later this year.

Roy Buchanan -- Analyst

OK. Great. And then, did anything change? I guess not. Or have you just seen enough data at this point to be able to be confident in making these longer-term projections? Thanks.

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Well, it kind of goes back to the discussion we had earlier in the Q&A session that we put out 5-year guidance in '22, and we wanted -- which we felt comfortable with at the time, and we think we need to continue to provide our view of the long-term opportunity as we have additional information to influence it. So the last few years have provided us insight that we would like to reflect on our long-term guidance.

Roy Buchanan -- Analyst

Makes sense. Thanks.

Operator

We have no further questions at this time. I would now like to turn the call over to Ryan Spencer, CEO, for closing remarks. You may begin.

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Thank you, operator, and thank you all for joining us today. We appreciate your interest in Dynavax. We are excited about our recent accomplishment and the strength of our position. We look forward to updating you on our progress focused on protecting the world against infectious diseases.

Operator, you may end the call.

Operator

[Operator signoff]

Duration: 0 minutes

Call participants:

Paul Cox -- Vice President, Investor Realtions and Corporate Communications

Ryan Spencer -- Chief Executive Officer and Director

Donn Casale -- Chief Commercial Officer

Robert Janssen -- Senior Vice President, Clinical Development and Chief Medical Officer

Kelly MacDonald -- Chief Financial Officer

Matt Phipps -- Analyst

Phil Nadeau -- Analyst

Jon Miller -- Analyst

Paul Choi -- Analyst

Roy Buchanan -- Analyst

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Dynavax Technologies (DVAX) Q2 2024 Earnings Call Transcript was originally published by The Motley Fool